Training ladder for: FRACTURE OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH (spondylolysis)
STEP 4
Instruction from the physiotherapist in correct back posture (ergonomic guidance) is important.
Unlimited: Cycling. Swimming. Running with increasing distance.
(15 min)
Lie on your back. Draw the injured leg up towards your head so that the muscles in the back of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Perform the exercise with outstretched as well as bent knee. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating. The exercise can also be performed standing with the injured leg outstretched on a chair while the upper body is bent slightly forwards.
Stand with support from the back of a chair or the wall. Using your hand, bend the knee and draw the foot up and your knee slightly backwards so that the muscles in the front of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating. The exercise can also be done lying down. If you lie on your stomach you can draw the foot up by using a towel.
Lie on your back with one leg outstretched and the other bent with the foot on the other side of the outstretched leg. Draw the knee up towards the opposite shoulder so that the buttocks become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back with one leg over the other, and hold behind the lower leg’s knee. Draw the leg up towards your head so that the buttock on the upper leg becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back and draw your knee up towards your head while lifting your head so that your back becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Stand with your hands on your hips and slowly sway your back, pushing slightly with the hands to increase the sway, so that the stomach muscles become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
(5 min)
Seesaw. Balance on two legs, possibly using a hand as support against the wall, balancing subsequently on one leg without support. Look straight ahead and keep knees bent.
Lie on the floor on a cushion. Bend your knees. Lift your hands from the floor and keep your balance.
(40 min)
Lie on your stomach across a chair and bend both knees. Tighten your buttocks and lift your legs upwards.
Lie on your stomach across a chair with both feet supported under a tabletop. Lift both hands from the floor and hold the position for 2 seconds. Support with your hands for 2 seconds and repeat the exercise 10 times in quick succession.
Go down on all fours with elastic around one foot. Attach the elastic to the wall, lift the leg and draw the knee forwards so that the elastic is tightened.
Lie on your back and place your hands behind your neck. Move your head and knees towards each other. Remember not to pull on your neck during the exercise.
Go down on all fours. Lift right arm and left leg and hold the position for a few seconds, followed by left arm and right leg and hold for a few seconds.
Lie on your back with bent knees. Lift one leg and stretch while at the same time lifting your hip from the floor.
Lie on your back with a ball or firm round cushion under both feet. Roll the ball backwards and forwards in a steady pace while lifting your backside.
Stretching is carried out in the following way: stretch the muscle group for 3-5 seconds. Relax for 3-5 seconds. The muscle group should subsequently be stretched for 20 seconds. The muscle is allowed to be tender, but must not hurt. Relax for 20 seconds, after which the procedure can be repeated. The time consumed for stretching, coordination and strength training can be altered depending on the training opportunities available and individual requirements.
Training ladder for: FRACTURE OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH (spondylolysis)
STEP 3
Instruction from the physiotherapist in correct back posture (ergonomic guidance) is important.
Unlimited: Cycling. Swimming. Running over short distances on a soft surface.
(15 min)
Lie on your back. Draw the injured leg up towards your head so that the muscles in the back of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Perform the exercise with outstretched as well as bent knee. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating. The exercise can also be performed standing with the injured leg outstretched on a chair while the upper body is bent slightly forwards.
Stand with support from the back of a chair or the wall. Using your hand, bend the knee and draw the foot up and your knee slightly backwards so that the muscles in the front of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back with one leg outstretched and the other bent with the foot on the other side of the outstretched leg. Draw the knee up towards the opposite shoulder so that the buttocks become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back with one leg over the other, and hold behind the lower leg’s knee. Draw the leg up towards your head so that the buttock on the upper leg becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back and draw your knee up towards your head while lifting your head so that your back becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Stand with your hands on your hips and slowly sway your back, pushing slightly with the hands to increase the sway, so that the stomach muscles become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
(5 min)
Seesaw. Balance on two legs, possibly using a hand as support against the wall, balancing subsequently on one leg without support. Look straight ahead and keep knees bent.
Lie on the floor on a cushion. Bend your knees. Lift your hands from the floor and keep your balance.
(40 min)
Go down on all fours. Alternately lift and stretch the right and left legs, fully stretching the knee.
Lie on your stomach across a chair and bend both knees. Tighten your buttocks and lift your legs upwards.
Lie on your back with bent legs. Lift your hip from the floor and hold the position for 5 seconds. Rest for 5 seconds before repeating.
Go down on all fours with elastic around one foot. Attach the elastic to the wall, lift the leg and draw the knee forwards so that the elastic is tightened.
Lie on your back with bent knees. Lift one leg and stretch while at the same time lifting your hip from the floor.
Lie on your back and place your hands behind your neck. Move your head and knees towards each other. Remember not to pull on your neck during the exercise.
Stretching is carried out in the following way: stretch the muscle group for 3-5 seconds. Relax for 3-5 seconds. The muscle group should subsequently be stretched for 20 seconds. The muscle is allowed to be tender, but must not hurt. Relax for 20 seconds, after which the procedure can be repeated. The time consumed for stretching, coordination and strength training can be altered depending on the training opportunities available and individual requirements.
Training ladder for: FRACTURE OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH (spondylolysis)
STEP 2
Instruction from the physiotherapist in correct back posture (ergonomic guidance) is important.
Unlimited: Swimming. Light jogging on a soft surface.
(15 min)
Lie on your back. Draw the injured leg up towards your head so that the muscles in the back of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Perform the exercise with outstretched as well as bent knee. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating. The exercise can also be performed standing with the injured leg outstretched on a chair while the upper body is bent slightly forwards.
Stand with support from the back of a chair or the wall. Using your hand, bend the knee and draw the foot up and your knee slightly backwards so that the muscles in the front of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back with one leg outstretched and the other bent with the foot on the other side of the outstretched leg. Draw the knee up towards the opposite shoulder so that the buttocks become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back with one leg over the other, and hold behind the lower leg’s knee. Draw the leg up towards your head so that the buttock on the upper leg becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back and draw your knee up towards your head while lifting your head so that your back becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Stand with your hands on your hips and slowly sway your back, pushing slightly with the hands to increase the sway, so that the stomach muscles become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
(5 min)
Seesaw. Balance on two legs, possibly using a hand as support against the wall, balancing subsequently on one leg without support. Look straight ahead and keep knees bent.
Lie on the floor on a cushion. Bend your knees. Lift your hands from the floor and keep your balance.
(40 min)
Go down on all fours. Alternately lift and stretch the right and left legs, fully stretching the knee.
Lie on your stomach across a chair with both feet supported under a tabletop. Lift both hands from the floor and hold the position for 2 seconds. Support with your hands for 2 seconds and repeat the exercise 10 times in quick succession.
Lie on your stomach across a chair and bend both knees. Tighten your buttocks and lift your legs upwards.
Lie on your stomach. Rise up and support yourself on your elbows keeping your hip against the floor. Hold the position for 20 seconds. Rest for 20 seconds before repeating.
Go down on all fours with elastic around one foot. Attach the elastic to the wall, lift the leg and draw the knee forwards so that the elastic is tightened.
Lie on your back with your hands on your chest. Bend your knees and lift your upper body up from the floor while keeping the small of your back against the floor the whole time.
Stretching is carried out in the following way: stretch the muscle group for 3-5 seconds. Relax for 3-5 seconds. The muscle group should subsequently be stretched for 20 seconds. The muscle is allowed to be tender, but must not hurt. Relax for 20 seconds, after which the procedure can be repeated. The time consumed for stretching, coordination and strength training can be altered depending on the training opportunities available and individual requirements.
Training ladder for: FRACTURE OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH (spondylolysis)
STEP 1
Instruction from the physiotherapist in correct back posture (ergonomic guidance) is important.
The indications of time after stretching, coordination training and strength training show the division of time for the respective type of training when training for a period of one hour. The time indications are therefore not a definition of the daily training needs, as the daily training is determined on an individual basis.
Unlimited: Cycling with raised saddle. Swimming.
(15 min)
Lie on your back. Draw the injured leg up towards your head so that the muscles in the back of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Perform the exercise with outstretched as well as bent knee. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating. The exercise can also be performed standing with the injured leg outstretched on a chair while the upper body is bent slightly forwards.
Stand with support from the back of a chair or the wall. Using your hand, bend the knee and draw the foot up and your knee slightly backwards so that the muscles in the front of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back with one leg outstretched and the other bent with the foot on the other side of the outstretched leg. Draw the knee up towards the opposite shoulder so that the buttocks become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back with one leg over the other, and hold behind the lower leg’s knee. Draw the leg up towards your head so that the buttock on the upper leg becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Stand with your hands on your hips and slowly sway your back, pushing slightly with the hands to increase the sway, so that the stomach muscles become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
(5 min)
Seesaw. Balance on two legs, possibly using a hand as support against the wall, balancing subsequently on one leg without support. Look straight ahead and keep knees bent.
Lie on the floor on a cushion. Bend your knees. Lift your hands from the floor and keep your balance.
(40 min)
Sit on a chair with slightly curved back. Thrust your stomach forward and hold the sway-backed position.
Lie on your stomach across a table or chair and support with both arms on the floor. Raise one arm from the floor and hold the position for approx. 10 seconds. Change arm.
Stand with your side against a wall. Support with your shoulder against the wall and press your hip in to the wall for 10 seconds. Rest for 10 seconds before repeating.
Stretching is carried out in the following way: stretch the muscle group for 3-5 seconds. Relax for 3-5 seconds. The muscle group should subsequently be stretched for 20 seconds. The muscle is allowed to be tender, but must not hurt. Relax for 20 seconds, after which the procedure can be repeated. The time consumed for stretching, coordination and strength training can be altered depending on the training opportunities available and individual requirements.
TRAINING LADDER FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: FOR FRACTURE OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH (SPONDYLOLYSIS)
STEP 4
Instruction from the physiotherapist in correct back posture (ergonomic guidance) is important.
Unlimited: Cycling. Swimming. Running with increasing distance.
(15 min)
Lie on your back. Draw the injured leg up towards your head so that the muscles in the back of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Perform the exercise with outstretched as well as bent knee. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating. The exercise can also be performed standing with the injured leg outstretched on a chair while the upper body is bent slightly forwards.
Stå med støtte. Bøj i knæet og tag om foden med hånden. Træk foden op og knæet lidt bagud, så der kommer tiltagende udspænding af forlåret. Hold udspændingen i 20 sekunder. Slap af i 20 sekunder. Øvelsen kan også udføres liggende.
Lie on your back with one leg outstretched and the other bent with the foot on the other side of the outstretched leg. Draw the knee up towards the opposite shoulder so that the buttocks become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back with one leg over the other, and hold behind the lower leg’s knee. Draw the leg up towards your head so that the buttock on the upper leg becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back and draw your knee up towards your head while lifting your head so that your back becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Stand with your hands on your hips and slowly sway your back, pushing slightly with the hands to increase the sway, so that the stomach muscles become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
(5 min)
Seesaw. Balance on two legs, possibly using a hand as support against the wall, balancing subsequently on one leg without support. Look straight ahead and keep knees bent.
Lie on the floor on a cushion. Bend your knees. Lift your hands from the floor and keep your balance.
(40 min)
Lie on your stomach across a chair and bend both knees. Tighten your buttocks and lift your legs upwards.
Lie on your stomach across a chair with both feet supported under a tabletop. Lift both hands from the floor and hold the position for 2 seconds. Support with your hands for 2 seconds and repeat the exercise 10 times in quick succession.
Go down on all fours with elastic around one foot. Attach the elastic to the wall, lift the leg and draw the knee forwards so that the elastic is tightened.
Lie on your back and place your hands behind your neck. Move your head and knees towards each other. Remember not to pull on your neck during the exercise.
Go down on all fours. Lift right arm and left leg and hold the position for a few seconds, followed by left arm and right leg and hold for a few seconds.
Lie on your back with bent knees. Lift one leg and stretch while at the same time lifting your hip from the floor.
Lie on your back with a ball or firm round cushion under both feet. Roll the ball backwards and forwards in a steady pace while lifting your backside.
Stretching is carried out in the following way: stretch the muscle group for 3-5 seconds. Relax for 3-5 seconds. The muscle group should subsequently be stretched for 20 seconds. The muscle is allowed to be tender, but must not hurt. Relax for 20 seconds, after which the procedure can be repeated.
The time consumed for stretching, coordination and strength training can be altered depending on the training opportunities available and individual requirements.
TRAINING LADDER FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: FOR FRACTURE OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH (SPONDYLOLYSIS)
STEP 3
Instruction from the physiotherapist in correct back posture (ergonomic guidance) is important.
Unlimited: Cycling. Swimming. Running over short distances on a soft surface.
(15 min)
Lie on your back. Draw the injured leg up towards your head so that the muscles in the back of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Perform the exercise with outstretched as well as bent knee. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating. The exercise can also be performed standing with the injured leg outstretched on a chair while the upper body is bent slightly forwards.
Stå med støtte. Bøj i knæet og tag om foden med hånden. Træk foden op og knæet lidt bagud, så der kommer tiltagende udspænding af forlåret. Hold udspændingen i 20 sekunder. Slap af i 20 sekunder. Øvelsen kan også udføres liggende.
Lie on your back with one leg outstretched and the other bent with the foot on the other side of the outstretched leg. Draw the knee up towards the opposite shoulder so that the buttocks become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back with one leg over the other, and hold behind the lower leg’s knee. Draw the leg up towards your head so that the buttock on the upper leg becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back and draw your knee up towards your head while lifting your head so that your back becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Stand with your hands on your hips and slowly sway your back, pushing slightly with the hands to increase the sway, so that the stomach muscles become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
(5 min)
Seesaw. Balance on two legs, possibly using a hand as support against the wall, balancing subsequently on one leg without support. Look straight ahead and keep knees bent.
Lie on the floor on a cushion. Bend your knees. Lift your hands from the floor and keep your balance.
(30 min)
Go down on all fours. Alternately lift and stretch the right and left legs, fully stretching the knee.
Lie on your stomach across a chair and bend both knees. Tighten your buttocks and lift your legs upwards.
Lie on your back with bent legs. Lift your hip from the floor and hold the position for 5 seconds. Rest for 5 seconds before repeating.
Go down on all fours with elastic around one foot. Attach the elastic to the wall, lift the leg and draw the knee forwards so that the elastic is tightened.
Lie on your back with bent knees. Lift one leg and stretch while at the same time lifting your hip from the floor.
Lie on your back and place your hands behind your neck. Move your head and knees towards each other. Remember not to pull on your neck during the exercise.
Stretching is carried out in the following way: stretch the muscle group for 3-5 seconds. Relax for 3-5 seconds. The muscle group should subsequently be stretched for 20 seconds. The muscle is allowed to be tender, but must not hurt. Relax for 20 seconds, after which the procedure can be repeated.
The time consumed for stretching, coordination and strength training can be altered depending on the training opportunities available and individual requirements.
TRAINING LADDER FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: FOR FRACTURE OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH (SPONDYLOLYSIS)
STEP 2
Instruction from the physiotherapist in correct back posture (ergonomic guidance) is important.
Unlimited: Cycling. Swimming. Light jogging on a soft surface.
(10 min)
Lie on your back. Draw the injured leg up towards your head so that the muscles in the back of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Perform the exercise with outstretched as well as bent knee. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating. The exercise can also be performed standing with the injured leg outstretched on a chair while the upper body is bent slightly forwards.
Stå med støtte. Bøj i knæet og tag om foden med hånden. Træk foden op og knæet lidt bagud, så der kommer tiltagende udspænding af forlåret. Hold udspændingen i 20 sekunder. Slap af i 20 sekunder. Øvelsen kan også udføres liggende.
Lie on your back with one leg outstretched and the other bent with the foot on the other side of the outstretched leg. Draw the knee up towards the opposite shoulder so that the buttocks become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back with one leg over the other, and hold behind the lower leg’s knee. Draw the leg up towards your head so that the buttock on the upper leg becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back and draw your knee up towards your head while lifting your head so that your back becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Stand with your hands on your hips and slowly sway your back, pushing slightly with the hands to increase the sway, so that the stomach muscles become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
(5 min)
Seesaw. Balance on two legs, possibly using a hand as support against the wall, balancing subsequently on one leg without support. Look straight ahead and keep knees bent.
Lie on the floor on a cushion. Bend your knees. Lift your hands from the floor and keep your balance.
(20 min)
Go down on all fours. Alternately lift and stretch the right and left legs, fully stretching the knee.
Lie on your stomach across a chair with both feet supported under a tabletop. Lift both hands from the floor and hold the position for 2 seconds. Support with your hands for 2 seconds and repeat the exercise 10 times in quick succession.
Lie on your stomach across a chair and bend both knees. Tighten your buttocks and lift your legs upwards.
Go down on all fours with elastic around one foot. Attach the elastic to the wall, lift the leg and draw the knee forwards so that the elastic is tightened.
Lie on your back with your hands on your chest. Bend your knees and lift your upper body up from the floor while keeping the small of your back against the floor the whole time.
Stretching is carried out in the following way: stretch the muscle group for 3-5 seconds. Relax for 3-5 seconds. The muscle group should subsequently be stretched for 20 seconds. The muscle is allowed to be tender, but must not hurt. Relax for 20 seconds, after which the procedure can be repeated.
The time consumed for stretching, coordination and strength training can be altered depending on the training opportunities available and individual requirements.
TRAINING LADDER FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: FOR FRACTURE OF THE VERTEBRAL ARCH (SPONDYLOLYSIS)
STEP 1
Instruction from the physiotherapist in correct back posture (ergonomic guidance) is important.
Unlimited: Cycling with raised saddle. Swimming.
(10 min)
Lie on your back. Draw the injured leg up towards your head so that the muscles in the back of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Perform the exercise with outstretched as well as bent knee. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating. The exercise can also be performed standing with the injured leg outstretched on a chair while the upper body is bent slightly forwards.
Stand with support from the back of a chair or the wall. Using your hand, bend the knee and draw the foot up and your knee slightly backwards so that the muscles in the front of the thigh become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating. The exercise can also be done lying down. If you lie on your stomach you can draw the foot up by using a towel.
Lie on your back with one leg outstretched and the other bent with the foot on the other side of the outstretched leg. Draw the knee up towards the opposite shoulder so that the buttocks become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Lie on your back with one leg over the other, and hold behind the lower leg’s knee. Draw the leg up towards your head so that the buttock on the upper leg becomes increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
Stand with your hands on your hips and slowly sway your back, pushing slightly with the hands to increase the sway, so that the stomach muscles become increasingly stretched. Hold the position for 20 seconds and relax for 20 seconds before repeating.
(5 min)
Seesaw. Balance on two legs, possibly using a hand as support against the wall, balancing subsequently on one leg without support. Look straight ahead and keep knees bent.
Lie on the floor on a cushion. Bend your knees. Lift your hands from the floor and keep your balance.
(40 min)
Sid på en stol. Krum let i ryggen.
Lie on your stomach across a table or chair and support with both arms on the floor. Raise one arm from the floor and hold the position for approx. 10 seconds. Change arm.
Stand with your side against a wall. Support with your shoulder against the wall and press your hip in to the wall for 10 seconds. Rest for 10 seconds before repeating.
Stretching is carried out in the following way: stretch the muscle group for 3-5 seconds. Relax for 3-5 seconds. The muscle group should subsequently be stretched for 20 seconds. The muscle is allowed to be tender, but must not hurt. Relax for 20 seconds, after which the procedure can be repeated.
The time consumed for stretching, coordination and strength training can be altered depending on the training opportunities available and individual requirements.
Treatment of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents.
Dubousset J. Clin Orthop 1997 Apr;(337):77-85 The treatment of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in children depends on the severity of clinical symptoms, pathologic anatomy, and prognosis. Simple spondylolysis can be cured by immobilization alone in selected cases, or by surgery when it remains symptomatic and resistant to nonoperative treatment. The majority of cases are asymptomatic and require no treatment. Spondylolisthesis is classified into 2 types based on the magnitude of the lumbosacral angle: spondylolisthesis with a horizontal sacrum (lumbosacral angle > or = 100 degrees), which seldom requires surgical treatment, usually responds to orthotic management, and generally shows little progression; spondylolisthesis with a vertical sacrum (lumbosacral angle < 100 degrees) which is always progressive, can produce neurologic impairment and cosmetic and functional disability, and requires surgical treatment. In 17 cases the author has reduced the latter deformity by gradual traction in hyperextension followed by cast immobilization, then stabilized the reduction by posterolateral fusion performed through the cast without instrumentation and without opening the spinal canal. When the lumbosacral angle is not improved to 100 degrees or more by hyperextension and traction, an anterior console interbody fusion is added before the posterolateral fusion.
Management of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in the pediatric and adolescent population.
Smith JA, Hu SS. Orthop Clin North Am 1999 Jul;30(3):487-99, ix Spondylolysis and low-grade spondylolisthesis are diagnoses that, for most patients, have a benign prognosis and can be managed nonoperatively. For most symptomatic patients for whom this management fails, fusion in situ yields satisfactory and lasting results and remains the gold standard against which other surgical treatment must be compared. Patients with high-grade slips and slip angles may benefit from instrumented fusion in situ or combined anterior/posterior procedures, or may be considered for reduction and fusion. Reduction maneuvers are technically demanding and carry significant risk of neurologic injury. Surgical experience and in-depth understanding of the indications, the complications, and, especially, the limitations of each technique are required.
